The agent of the verb in its non-ṇi (primitive) form in the case of hṛ 'to lose' and kṛ 'to make', is optionally called karma or object when these verbs take the affix.,
ni (CAUSAL).
- PRIMITIVE - As हरति भारं माणवकः, CAUSAL - हारयति भारं माणवकेन
- PRIMITIVE - The boy takes the load., CAUSAL - He causes the servant to take the load.
- PRIMITIVE - करोतिकटं देवदत्तः, CAUSAL - कारयति कटं देवदतं or देवदत्तेन.
- PRIMITIVE - Devadatta makes the mat., CAUSAL - He causes Devadatta to make the mat.
Vart:- The subject of the primitive verbs अभिवद् and दृश् when used in the Atmanepada, is either put in the Accusative or instrumental case in the causal; as,
- PRIMITIVE - अभिवदति गुरुं देवदत्तः, CAUSAL - अभिवादयते गुरुं or देवदत्तेन
- PRIMITIVE - Devadatta bows down to the Guru., CAUSAL - He makes Devadatta bow down to the Guru.
- PRIMITIVE - पश्यन्ति भृत्या राजानम्., CAUSAL - दर्शयते भृत्यान् राजानं or दर्शयते भृत्यैः.
- PRIMITIVE - The servants see the king., CAUSAL - He makes the servants see the king,