च-आदयो ऽसत्त्वे

The following are particles (nipata) च 'and' वा 'or' ह 'an expletive' अह 'vocative particle' एव 'only' 'exactly.' एवम् 'so thus,' नूनम् 'certainly,' शश्वत् 'continually,' युगपत् 'at once,' भूयस् 'repeatedly,' सूपत् कूपत् 'excellently,' कुवित् 'abundantly,' नेत् चेत् 'if' चण 'if,' [the n is indicatory], यत्र 'where,' तत्र 'there,' कच्चित् 'what if ?,' नह 'no,' हन्त 'ah,'! माकिम् [माकीम्] मकिम् 'do not,' आकीम् 'indeed !' माङ् 'do not,' नञ् 'not,' यावत् 'as much as,' तावत् 'so much,' त्वै न्वै द्वै 'perhaps,' रै (disrespectful interjection) श्रौषट् औवट् स्वाहा (interj.) 'oblation to the gods,' स्वधा 'oblation to the manes,' forefathers वषट् 'oblation to the gods,' ओस् (mystical ejaculation typical of the three great deities of the Hindu mythology), तुस् 'thouing,' तथाहि 'thus,' introducing an exposition, (खलु 'certainly,' किल 'indeed,' अथ 'now' auspicious inceptive), सुष्ठु 'excellent,' स्म (attached to the present tense gives it a past signification), अदह 'fie' अ इ उ ऋ लृ ए ऐ ओ औ. The vowels a, a, i, i, u, e, ai, o, au, when, as interjections, they indicate various emotions, differ from the ordinary vowels.

उञ्, उकञ्, वेलायाम्, मात्रायाम्, यथा, यत्, तत्, किम्, पुरा, वधा, (वध्वा), धिक्, हाहा, हेहै, (हहे), पाट्, प्याट्, आहो, उताहो, हो, अहो, नो, (नौ), अथो, मनु, मन्ये, मिथ्या, असि, ब्रूहि, तु, नु, इति, इव, वत्, वात्, चन, यत, [सम्, वश्म्, शिकम्, दिकम्,] समुकम्, छन्वट्, (छंवठ), शंके, शुकम्, खम्, सनात्, सनुतर्, नहिकम्, सत्यम्, ऋतम्, अद्धा, इद्धा, नोचेत्, नचेत्, नहि, जातु, कथम्, कुतः, कुत्र, अव, अनु, हा, हे, (है), आहोस्वित्, शम्, कम्, खम्, दिष्ट्या, पशु, वट्, सह, अम्, ईम्, सीम्, सिम्, सिः, वै.

To the list of indeclinables belong also what have, without the reality, the appearance of an upasarga (No.59), of a word with one of the terminations of case or persons and of the vowels. In the example अवदत्तम् avadattam 'given away,' the अव is not really an upasarga, for if it were, the word (by VII. 4. 47) would be अवत्तम् avattam. In the example ahanyuh अहंयुः 'egotistic,' the ahan is not identical the aham 'I,' terminating in a case affix--because a pronoun, really regarded as being in the nominative case, could not be the first member, in such a compound. In the example अस्तिक्षीरा astikshira, a cow or the like 'in which there is milk,' the asti अस्ति must be regarded as differing from the word asti, 'is,' which ends with the affix of the third person singular, otherwise it could not have appeared as the first member in a compound.,