आदिर् ञि-टु-डवः

The syllables ञि, टु and डु, standing at the beginning of a root are indicatory; as ञिमिदा 'to have affectionate pleasure.' The real root is मिद्, the ञि is servile. So टुनदि 'to rejoice; be glad' the real root being नद्. So डुदाङ् 'to give' the real root being दा.

The ञि shows that the past participle क्त has the power of the present 3.2.187 (ञीतः क्तः). As ञिफला--फुल्लः 'blown'; ञिमिदा--भिन्नः; 'fat'; ञिधृषा—धृष्टः 'bold,' ञिक्ष्विदा—क्ष्विन्नः 'soft,' ञिइन्धी—इद्धः 'kindled.'

The टु subjoined to a root serves to show that it admits the affix अथु to form a noun indicative of the act 3.3.89 ट्वितोऽथुच्)); as टुवेपृः—वेपथुः 'shaking'; टु ओश्वि--श्वयथुः 'swelling.'

The डु indicates that the root to which it is subjoined admits of the affix त्रिम 3.3.88, ड्वितः क्त्रिः) to form a noun or adjective attributive of the act by which the substantive thing has been produced, as डुकृञ्—कृत्रिमम् 'artificial' डुपचष्—पक्त्रिमम् 'ripe'; डुवप्—उप्त्रिमम् 'sown.'

If these three syllables do not stand in the beginning of a verb, they are not indicatory; as पटूयति, कण्डूयति, &c.,